Memorize these first.

Part of Speech	Example
Noun	Rahul, India, Car
Pronoun	He, She, It
Verb	Run, Eat, Write
Adjective	Beautiful, Tall
Adverb	Quickly, Slowly
Preposition	In, On, At
Conjunction	And, But
Interjection	Wow!, Alas!

---

2. ARTICLES

Articles are:

A
An
The

---

A vs AN

Use “A”

Before consonant sounds.

Examples:

A boy

A university

A European country

Notice:

University = "Yoo-niversity"

European = "Yoo-ropean"

Starts with vowel letter but consonant sound.

---

Use “AN”

Before vowel sounds.

Examples:

An apple

An orange

An honest man

An hour

Notice:

Honest

Hour

“H” is silent.

---

Use THE

When something is specific.

Examples:

The Sun

The Moon

The Taj Mahal

The Ganga

---

No Article Used

Before:

School
College
Hospital
Home
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner

Example:

I go to school.

NOT

I go to the school.

(General purpose)

---

Common Article Errors

❌

He is an university student.

✅

He is a university student.

---

❌

She is a honest girl.

✅

She is an honest girl.

---

3. TENSES

Most important grammar topic.

---

Present Tense

Simple Present

Structure:

Subject + V1/V1+s

Examples:

I play cricket.

He plays cricket.

---

Present Continuous

Structure:

Subject + is/am/are + Ving

Examples:

She is reading.

They are playing.

---

Present Perfect

Structure:

Subject + has/have + V3

Examples:

I have completed work.

She has finished homework.

---

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + has/have been + Ving

Examples:

I have been studying for 2 hours.

---

Past Tense

Simple Past

Structure:

Subject + V2

Examples:

I went home.

She completed the task.

---

Past Continuous

Structure:

Subject + was/were + Ving

Example:

They were playing.

---

Past Perfect

Structure:

Subject + had + V3

Example:

She had left before I arrived.

---

Past Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + had been + Ving

Example:

They had been working for hours.

---

Future Tense

Simple Future

Structure:

Subject + will + V1

Example:

I will attend class.

---

Future Continuous

Structure:

Subject + will be + Ving

Example:

I will be studying tomorrow.

---

Future Perfect

Structure:

Subject + will have + V3

Example:

I will have completed the project.

---

Future Perfect Continuous

Structure:

Subject + will have been + Ving

Example:

I will have been working for 5 years.

---

Tense Keywords

Present

Usually
Often
Always
Every day
Generally

---

Past

Yesterday
Last week
Ago
Earlier

---

Future

Tomorrow
Next week
Soon
Later

---

Common Tense Errors

❌

He go to school.

✅

He goes to school.

---

❌

I am knowing him.

✅

I know him.

---

4. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT (SVA)

Extremely important.

---

Basic Rule

Singular Subject → Singular Verb

Plural Subject → Plural Verb

---

Examples

✅

He plays football.

✅

They play football.

---

Each / Every

Always singular.

✅

Each student is present.

❌

Each student are present.

---

Either / Neither

Always singular.

✅

Neither of the boys is absent.

---

Everyone / Someone / Anybody

Always singular.

✅

Everyone is ready.

---

News

Treated as singular.

✅

The news is good.

❌

The news are good.

---

Mathematics / Physics

Usually singular.

✅

Mathematics is interesting.

---

A Number Of

Plural verb.

✅

A number of students are present.

---

The Number Of

Singular verb.

✅

The number of students is increasing.

---

Either…Or

Verb agrees with nearest subject.

Example:

Either Ram or his friends are coming.

---

Example:

Either the boys or Ram is coming.

---

5. RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Used to connect clauses.

---

WHO

Used for people.

✅

The man who helped me.

---

WHOM

Object form.

✅

The person whom I met.

---

WHOSE

Possession.

✅

The student whose book was lost.

---

WHICH

Used for things and animals.

✅

The car which I bought.

---

THAT

Used for people or things.

✅

The book that I purchased.

---

Common Error

❌

The boy which came yesterday.

✅

The boy who came yesterday.

---

6. PREPOSITIONS

Show relationship.

---

IN

Used for:

Months

Years

Countries

Large places

Examples:

In India

In 2026

In January

---

ON

Used for:

Days

Dates

Examples:

On Monday

On 10 June

---

AT

Used for:

Specific time

Specific place

Examples:

At 5 PM

At the station

---

BETWEEN

Exactly two.

Example:

Between Ram and Shyam

---

AMONG

More than two.

Example:

Among the students

---

BESIDE

Means:

Next to

---

BESIDES

Means:

In addition to

---

INTO

Movement inside.

Example:

He went into the room.

---

IN

Position inside.

Example:

He is in the room.

---

Common Preposition Errors

❌

Discuss about

✅

Discuss

---

❌

Order for

✅

Order

---

❌

Enter into the room

✅

Enter the room

---

7. CONJUNCTIONS

Join words or sentences.

---

AND

Adds information.

Ram and Shyam

---

BUT

Shows contrast.

He is poor but honest.

---

OR

Shows choice.

Tea or coffee.

---

NOR

Negative choice.

Neither Ram nor Shyam came.

---

BECAUSE

Reason.

He failed because he was careless.

---

ALTHOUGH

Contrast.

Although it rained, we played.

---

NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO

Verb follows nearest subject.

Example:

Not only Ram but also his friends are present.

---

Common Grammar Traps

❌

More better

✅

Better

---

❌

Most unique

✅

Unique

---

❌

Return back

✅

Return

---

❌

Repeat again

✅

Repeat

---

MOST COMMON PLACEMENT ERRORS

Memorize these.

❌

One of the student

✅

One of the students

---

❌

Each of the boys are

✅

Each of the boys is

---

❌

Neither of them are

✅

Neither of them is

---

❌

He do not know

✅

He does not know

---

❌

She have completed

✅

She has completed

---

5-MINUTE LAST REVISION

Memorize:

A = Consonant Sound

An = Vowel Sound

The = Specific Object

Each/Every = Singular

Either/Neither = Singular

Everyone/Someone = Singular

In = Month/Year/Country

On = Day/Date

At = Time

Who = Person

Which = Thing

Between = Two

Among = More Than Two

He plays

They play

A number of = Are

The number of = Is