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Basic Rule

Active:
Subject + Verb + Object

Passive:
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject

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Example

Active:

Ram writes a letter.

Passive:

A letter is written by Ram.

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Tense Conversion Table

Active	Passive
Writes	Is written
Wrote	Was written
Will write	Will be written
Has written	Has been written
Had written	Had been written

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Present Simple

Active:

She writes a book.

Passive:

A book is written by her.

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Past Simple

Active:

She wrote a book.

Passive:

A book was written by her.

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Future Simple

Active:

She will write a book.

Passive:

A book will be written by her.

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Present Perfect

Active:

She has written a book.

Passive:

A book has been written by her.

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Voice Shortcuts

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Only Transitive Verbs Become Passive

Must have object.

✅

He kicked the ball.

Passive possible.

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❌

He sleeps.

Passive not possible.

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By + Subject

Usually appears in passive.

By Ram
By Her
By Them

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Common Errors

❌

The work has completed.

✅

The work has been completed.

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❌

The letter wrote by Ram.

✅

The letter was written by Ram.

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2. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

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Direct Speech

Exact words.

Ram said, "I am busy."

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Indirect Speech

Reported words.

Ram said that he was busy.

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Reporting Verbs

Said
Told
Asked
Requested
Ordered
Suggested

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Pronoun Change Rule

Direct	Indirect
I	He/She
We	They
My	His/Her
Our	Their

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Tense Changes

Direct	Indirect
Present	Past
Past	Past Perfect
Will	Would
Can	Could
Shall	Should

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Examples

Direct:

He said, "I am happy."

Indirect:

He said that he was happy.

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Direct:

He said, "I will come."

Indirect:

He said that he would come.

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Special Cases

No tense change when:

Universal Truth
Scientific Fact
Permanent Truth

Example:

The teacher said,
"The Earth revolves around the Sun."

Remains:

The teacher said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

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3. ERROR IDENTIFICATION

Most common placement verbal topic.

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Check These First

Subject Verb Agreement

Articles

Prepositions

Pronouns

Tenses

Conjunctions

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Common Errors

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Subject Verb Agreement

❌

Each of the boys are present.

✅

Each of the boys is present.

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Pronoun Error

❌

Everyone should bring their book.

Traditional Grammar:

Everyone should bring his/her book.

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Article Error

❌

He is an university student.

✅

He is a university student.

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Preposition Error

❌

Discuss about the issue.

✅

Discuss the issue.

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Tense Error

❌

I am knowing him.

✅

I know him.

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Error Spotting Strategy

Check in this order:

Verb

Subject

Tense

Article

Preposition

Pronoun

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4. SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT

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What is Tested?

Grammar

Vocabulary

Sentence Structure

Verb Usage

Prepositions

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Example

Original:

He is senior than me.

Correct:

He is senior to me.

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Original:

She is married with a doctor.

Correct:

She is married to a doctor.

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Common Placement Pairs

Memorize.

Senior to

Junior to

Prefer to

Married to

Different from

Interested in

Capable of

Good at

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5. SENTENCE COMPLETION

Fill the best word.

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Strategy

Look for:

Meaning

Grammar

Tone

Connector

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Connector Clues

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Positive Connector

And

Also

Furthermore

Moreover

Meaning continues.

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Contrast Connector

But

However

Although

Yet

Meaning changes.

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Cause Connector

Because

Since

As

Reason follows.

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Example

Although he was tired,
he continued working.

Expect positive effort after contrast.

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6. SELECTING WORDS

Common placement topic.

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Confusing Pairs

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Affect vs Effect

Affect = Verb

Effect = Noun

Example:

The rain affected traffic.

The effect was severe.

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Accept vs Except

Accept = Receive

Except = Excluding

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Advice vs Advise

Advice = Noun

Advise = Verb

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Principal vs Principle

Principal = Head

Principle = Rule

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Lose vs Loose

Lose = Misplace

Loose = Not Tight

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Frequently Asked Word Pairs

Then / Than

Stationary / Stationery

Compliment / Complement

Desert / Dessert

Farther / Further

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7. SENTENCE FORMATION

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Rules

Sentence must have:

Subject

Verb

Meaning

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Correct Structure

Subject + Verb + Object

Example:

The boy kicked the ball.

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Wrong Structure

The ball the boy kicked.

(Not complete in most contexts)

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8. SENTENCE COMPLETION SHORTCUTS

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Positive Words

Excellent

Successful

Beneficial

Profitable

Efficient

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Negative Words

Failure

Weak

Poor

Inefficient

Dangerous

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Contrast Indicators

But

Yet

Although

However

Answer often opposite.

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9. COMMONLY TESTED VERB FORMS

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V1	V2	V3
Go	Went	Gone
Write	Wrote	Written
Speak	Spoke	Spoken
Eat	Ate	Eaten
Begin	Began	Begun
Break	Broke	Broken
Drive	Drove	Driven
Choose	Chose	Chosen
Give	Gave	Given
Take	Took	Taken

Memorize.

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10. COMMON GRAMMAR TRAPS

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❌

One of the boy

✅

One of the boys

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❌

He do not know.

✅

He does not know.

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❌

No sooner did he arrive
when...

✅

No sooner did he arrive
than...

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❌

Hardly had he arrived
than...

✅

Hardly had he arrived
when...

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❌

Neither Ram or Shyam

✅

Neither Ram nor Shyam

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IMPORTANT PAIRS TO MEMORIZE

Either ... Or

Neither ... Nor

Not Only ... But Also

Both ... And

No Sooner ... Than

Hardly ... When

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5-MINUTE LAST REVISION

Memorize:

Active → Passive

Direct → Indirect

V1 V2 V3 Forms

Senior To

Junior To

Married To

Different From

Affect = Verb

Effect = Noun

Advice = Noun

Advise = Verb

Accept = Receive

Except = Excluding

No Sooner → Than

Hardly → When

Neither → Nor